Physical Therapist Essay Example for Free

personal Therapist EssayPhysical Therapist pic KaLiyah Matthews Workforce Essentials 7th Block Mr. Boyd Advantages One advantage of becoming a somatic therapist is that you get to know more people of different age groups, values, cultures, and faiths. The advantages of becoming personal therapist do not end there, qualified and expert physical therapy professionals receive competitive salaries and excellent benefits as closely. Disadvantages Sometimes physical therapist utilization long hours. They can get overworked, and have a unplumbed patient load. If working in a hospital they are exposed to all kinds of nasty bugs and viruses. Sometimes they have to hurt people. Job Outlook Although many another(prenominal) people are training to become physical therapists, the supply of these workers is expected to fall short of demand. However, employment growth whitethorn be restricted by controls on wellness-care costs. Education Requirements To become a physical therapist, one must have a masters degree in physical therapy from an accredited make and a state license. Moreover, he should possess strong interpersonal skills so as to communicate with the patient and his family. The physical therapy job demands scores of patience from the practitioner. reading Requirements Accredited physical therapy programs offer both masters degrees or doctorates in physical therapy. Applicants compulsion bachelors degrees that include prerequisite courses, which are set by apiece graduate program. To be licensed, graduates of accredited programs must pass state examinations. Many states require continuing education to remain licensed in the field. Salary A physical therapists salary may vary slightly according to the type of employer. Most physical therapists are employed by health practitioners and earn about $73,980 annually. BenefitsBenefits for salaried physical therapists included paid holidays and vacations, health insurance, and retirement plans. Self-employed t herapists had to provide their own benefits. Work Schedule Most physical therapists work forty hours per week. Those who prefer flexible hours can usually find part-time or consulting work. Work Conditions Physical therapists usually work in clean, pleasant, and large areas. Some therapists treat patients who are confined to hospital beds or their homes. Because they treat patients who may be depressed by their disabilities, physical therapists should be patient and encouraging.They need to be in good health and should be able to work well with their hands. Opportunities for Advancement Experienced therapists can become supervisors of hospital departments. With additional education, they may teach physical therapy. Employment of physical therapists is expected to grow much faster than the average for all occupations through 2014, because the population is growing older and credibly to need rehabilitation and long-term care. Advances in therapeutic techniques, especially for trauma victims and newborns with birth defects, should create additional demand for rehabilitative care.Personal Qualities Needed Physical therapists must possess problem-solving skills, resourcefulness, patience, manual dexterity, physical stamina, and the ability to work closely with a variety of people. Physical therapists must work well independently, as well as with a team of care givers. From initial examination and evaluation through the discharge of a patient or client, the physical therapists responsibility is to work with the individual to ensure maximal function. A love of lifelong learning, a positive attitude, and an outgoing personality would serve you well in this field.

Tata Motors Essay Example for Free

Tata Motors EssayTata Motors control SWOT AnalysisDescription The Tata Motors Limited SWOT Analysis company pen is the essential source for top-level company data and information. Tata Motors Limited SWOT Analysis examines the companys key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary epitome of its key revenue lines and strategy. Tata Motors (or the company) is one of the leading automotive vehicle manufacturing companies in India. The company is engaged in the development, design, manufacture, assembly, and sales event of vehicles including financing, as well as sale of related parts and accessories. The company primarily operates India, South Korea, South Africa, Thailand, Bangladesh, Singapore, Spain, and the UK. It is headquartered in Mumbai, India and employs about 49,856 people. The company recorded revenues of INR925,192.5 million ($19,530.8 million) during the financial year ended marching music 2010 (FY2010), an increase of 30.5% over FY2009.The operating profit of the company was INR42,288.3 million ($892.7 million) during FY2010, as compared to the operating loss of INR6,580 million ($138.9 million) in FY2009. The net profit was INR25,710.6 million ($542.8 million) in FY2010, as compared to the net loss of INR25,052.5 million ($528.8 million) in FY2009. Scope of the Report Provides all the crucial information on Tata Motors Limited required for business and contender intelligence needs Contains a study of the major internal and external factors affecting Tata Motors Limited in the form of a SWOT analysis as well as a breakdown and examination of leading product revenue streams of Tata Motors Limited -Data is supplemented with details on Tata Motors Limited history, key executives, business description, locations and subsidiaries as well as a list of products and services and the latest available statement from Tata Motors Limited Reasons to Purchase Support sales activities by understanding your custo mers businesses cleanse Qualify prospective partners and suppliers Keep fully up to date on your competitors business structure, strategy and prospects Obtain the most up to date company information availableContents SWOT COMPANY PROFILE Tata Motors Limited Key Facts Tata Motors Limited Company Overview Tata Motors Limited Business Description Tata Motors Limited Company taradiddle Tata Motors Limited Key Employees Tata Motors Limited Key Employee Biographies Tata Motors Limited productions Services Listing Tata Motors Limited Products Services Analysis Tata Motors Limited SWOT analysis Tata Motors Limited -Strengths Tata Motors Limited -Weaknesses Tata Motors Limited -Opportunities Tata Motors Limited -Threats Tata Motors Limited Company View Tata Motors Limited Top Competitors Tata Motors Limited Location and Subsidiary Tata Motors Limited -Head Office Tata Motors Limited -Other Locations and Subsidiaries Tata Motors Limited monastic orderOrder Online http//www.researchan dmarkets.com/reports/554957/ Order by Fax using the form below Order by Post print the order form below and saddle to inquiry and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland.Page 1 of 2 Fax Order FormTo place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the information below and fax the completed form to 646-607-1907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from remain of World). If you have any questions please visit http//www.researchandmarkets.com/contact/Order Informationenthral verify that the product information is correct and select the format(s) you require. Product Name Web Address Office Code Tata Motors Limited SWOT Analysis http//www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/554957/ OC8DIQJQNRRRVTProduct Formatsenthral select the product formats and quantity you require Quantity Electronic (PDF) Single User Electronic (PDF) Enterprisewide 96 240Contact InformationPlease envision all the information below in BLOCK CAPITALS Title First Name Email Address * Job Title Or ganisation Address urban center Postal / Zip Code Country Phone Number Fax Number * Please refrain from using free email accounts when ordering (e.g. Yahoo, Hotmail, AOL) Mr Mrs Dr fail Last Name Ms ProfPage 2 of 2 Payment InformationPlease indicate the payment method you would like to single-valued function by selecting the appropriate box. Pay by credit card American Express Diners Club Master Card Visa Cardholders Name Cardholders Signature going Date Card Number CVV Number Issue Date (for Diners Club only)Pay by checkPlease post the check, accompanied by this form, to Research and Markets, Guinness Center, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. Please transfer funds to Account number Sort code Swift code IBAN number Bank Address 833 130 83 98-53-30 ULSBIE2D IE78ULSB98533083313083 Ulster Bank, 27-35 Main Street, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland.Pay by wire transferIf you have a Marketing Code please enter it below Marketing Code Please note that by ordering from Research and Markets you are agreeing to our Terms and Conditions at http//www.researchandmarkets.com/info/terms.aspPlease fax this form to (646) 607-1907 or (646) 964-6609 From USA +353-1-481-1716 or +353-1-653-1571 From Rest of World

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital Defects

Joubert Syndrome with Orofaciodigital DefectsA newspaper publisher of Joubert syndrome in an infant, with literature reviewABSTRACTJoubert Syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) are a group of rare autosomal recessive disorders with a hallmark molar tooth sign (MTS) visible on axial magnetic resonance images of the brain. Joubert syndrome with Oro-facial-digital defects (JS-OFD) represents a rare sub persona of JSRD. This syndrome is frequently difficult to diagnose because of its liberal range of genotypic-phenotypic variations.Despite its profound oro-facial manifestations, dental literature describing the syndrome is scarce. This is a courtship report of an 8-year-old boy who inform to the out-patient department of pediatric dentistry with the chief billing of abnormal front teeth. The pip-squeak exhibited facial dysmorphism, strabismus, polydactyly of hands and feet along with oro-dental features of a high arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment. MRI report stated the presence of molar tooth sign.Key Words Joubert syndrome and related disorders, Oro-facial-digital syndrome type VI, molar tooth signINTRODUCTIONJoubert syndrome (JS) was counterbalance described by Marie Joubert in 1968 in four siblings with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis who presented with episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia and intellectual disability 1,2. Several years later, it was discovered that JS results from maldevelopment of the midbrain and cerebellar vermis, producing a pathognomonic MTS on MRI 3. The common term Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) was then coined for the group of conditions presenting with the MTS 4. The incidence of this clinical entity has not been precisely determined, however, it may range amid 1/80,000 and 1/100,000 live births 2 with only about 200 cases that pretend been reported worldwide5.CASE REPORTAn 8 year old boy reported to the outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at the Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore for the evaluation of abnormal front teeth. History revealed that he was a second child of a second degree consanguineous marriage. Figure I is the pedigree chart depicting the patients family history. The mother reported delayed proficiency of developmental milestones and the child being a slow-learner.On intra-oral examination, the child was in the early mixed dentition stage the teeth present were first changeless molars, permanent mandibular central incisors, erupting maxillary permanent central incisors , primary coil left central incisor, primary canines of all the quadrants, primary mandibular lateral incisors and first and second primary molars of all the quadrants. The crown of the primary left central incisor (61) was conical in shape and a developing anterior cross-bite was noticed collectible to palatally erupting 11 and 21. A high-arched palate and high lingual frenum attachment were also see n.Extra-orally, the patient exhibited facial dysmorphism in form of depressed skeletal bridge, broad nasal tip, upper lip notch and his upper lip was short compared to the broad and thick lower lip. Prominent bilateral epicanthal folds, widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism) and a unilateral squint (strabismus) of the right eye were profound facial characteristics. His cranial morphology and hair were apparently normal.Bilateral post-axial polydactyly of both the hands and feet were noticed. The symmetry of the systemic evaluation was insignificant. However, the patient showed execrable muscular control due to delayed gross as well as fine motor development.On review of the patients medical records, it was seen that the possibility of Joubert Syndrome was considered on detection of inferior vermian agenesis and polydactyly on antenatal ultrasonography performed at 28 weeks of intra-uterine life. Eye movements and respiration were reviewed and found to be normal. Foetal MRI was done a t another medical center and they considered the possibility of Dandy-Walker anomaly. At 5 months of age, neurological evaluation was conducted and nystagmus along with very brisk deep tendon reflexes (DTRs 3+ category) was noticed following which, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was advised. The MRI reports indicated finish up agenesis of the cerebellar vermis which resulted in median approach of the two cerebellar hemispheres. Superior cerebellar peduncles appeared thin and distinctly defined across the pontomesencephalic cisterns handsome the characteristic molar tooth sign. Also the 4th ventricle was slightly dilated and had assumed a bat-wing appearance. Inspite of the all the MRI findings being suggestive of Joubert sydrome, neither was whatever definitive diagnosis make nor any neurological follow-up advanceed.With respect to dental treatment rendered, the patient was found to be lacking cooperative ability, moreover keeping in mind the extreme sensitivity to the respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents, sedation and GA was ruled out. Considering this inability, after extraction of his primary central incisor (61), a lower inclined skim over appliance was planned to correct the developing cross-bite. Patient did not cooperate for fabrication of a persistent appliance. Upper and lower primary impressions were made, a removable lower inclined plane appliance with Adams clasps on 75 and 85 was fabricated and delivered to the patient. However, the patient showed poor compliance with the appliance and refused to wear it beyond the third day. Following this, we considered the correction of the cross-bite by constructing a bonded resin-composite inclined plane 6, 7. The labial surface of the mandibular incisors was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Multi-purpose Etchant, 3M, USA) for 15 seconds, rinsed and dried. An adhesive system (Adper Single Bond 2, 3M, USA) was applied and redressd for 20s using a visible light cure unit (_______). Composite resin (Filtek Z350XT, 3M, USA) was formed into an inclined block 45 degree to the longitudinal axis of the teeth. The height was adjusted so as to declare the only contact between both arches at the level of these incisors. The inclined plane was polished using a polishing disc. The child was motivated to maintain good oral hygiene and the parents were instructed regarding the maintenance of a soft diet. The child was recalled after 1 day and then 1 week to clinically estimate the treatment progress. At 1 week interval, edge-to-edge bite was achieved while complete correction of the crossbite took place in 2 weeks. Following this, the composite inclined plane was removed using a diamond point at low speed, the enamel surface was polished and topical fluoride application was done. The child is under weak follow-up at our hospital.DISCUSSIONThe spectrum of Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) comprises all disorders presenting the molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging. JSRD include Joubert syndrome OMIM213300, along with any related condition(s) presenting with the MTS, deal Varadi-Papp syndrome (or Orofaciodigital type VI, OMIM%277170), COACH syndrome OMIM216360, Dekaban-Arima syndrome OMIM%243910, Malta syndrome and a few cases with Senior- Loken syndrome OMIM266900.Till date no major gene has been consistently associated with Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) however, mutations in the TMEM216 gene are know to be seen occasionally. All JSRD genes isolated so far, encode for proteins of the primary cilium and thus these disorders fall in the ciliopathies group of disorders 9.Previously in literature, JS-OFD has also been referred to as Oro-facio-digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) or Varadi-Papp Syndrome 10, 11,12. However, recently, Brancati et al. have discouraged the continued use of such eponyms in favor of a more practical, clinical-genetic sort. They have proposed a classification of JSRDs into six su bgroups based on the main organ(s) involvement and the established genotype-phenotype correlates 2. They classified JSRDs intoPure JSJS with optic defect (JS-O)JS with renal defect (JS-R)JS with oculorenal defects (JS-OR)JS with hepatic defect (JS-H)JS with oro-facio-digital defects (JS-OFD).A diagnosis of JSRD should be suspected in all infants presenting with hypotonia, abnormal eye movements (in particular oculomotor apraxia, but also nystagmus) and developmental delay. The occurrence of abnormalities in the respiratory pattern, i.e. hyperpneas alternating with periods of apnea, reinforces the clinical suspicion of the disease. In these children, a brain MRI is sufficient to confirm or exclude the diagnosis, based on the detection of the MTS. in one case a diagnosis of JSRD has been made, children should enter a diagnostic protocol to assess the possiblemultiorgan involvement2.Presence of MTS is considered pathognomic for diagnosis of JS-OFD (or OFD VI). MTS is characterized by presence of a hypoplastic or totally absent cerebellar vermis, which is indicated by the hallmark Molar Tooth Sign found on axial view of brain MRI scan. MTS has not been described in any other type of oro-facial-digital syndrome and its presence allows differentiation of OFD VI from other types 9. In addition, several other oral, dental and digital malformations are typical of JS-OFD. These have been enlisted in Table I.Recently, Poretti et al. 9 have suggested a diagnostic criterion for OFD VI. The criterion being MTS and one or more of the followingtongue hamartoma(s) and/or special frenula and/or upper lip notchmesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feethypothalamic hamartoma.These criteria allow the diagnosis to be made even in the absence of oral findings and/or polydactyly. The validity of these criteria needs to be reassessed in additional cohorts of patients and after the identification of major genetic determinants of OFD VI. along with presence of the pathognomi c MTS, our patient showed bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet. Mesoaxial hand polydactyly is extremely rare and specific for OFD VI among the JSRD phenotypes, but not consistent in OFD VI because different forms of polydactyly have been previously reported 13,14,15,16. Moreover, it is to be noted that the syndrome is known to show a high degree of genotypic-phenotypic variations and its often difficult to arrive at a conclusive diagnosis. Thus, it can be said that the reported case probably represents variability within OFD VI.Compared with other JSRD subgroups, the neurological findings and impairment of motor development and cognitive functions in OFD VI are significantly worse, suggesting a correlation with the more severe neuroimaging findings 9. Steinlinet al. 17 suggested that outcomes in JS can be divided into three courses first, children who die young second, patients who survive but have severe developmental delay with the development quotient (DQ) being less than 30 along with a variety of visual and motor handicaps and third, patients whose developmental quotients fall within the mildly delayed range (60-85). A remarkable finding in the case reported was, the level of cognitive development with intelligence quotient (IQ) being 90 which falls in the average IQ range according to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale Fifth Edition (SB5)18. So far, normal cognitive functions (without formal IQ assessment) have only been reported in one patient, attending a first-string school 19.Despite the fact that Joubert syndrome is very rare in India, an early diagnosis is necessary for genetic counseling and treatment planning. Treatment is mainly diagnostic and includes possible medico-surgical supportive interventions. Also, the diagnosis is important for future procedures that require anesthesia. Of particular caution is that these patients are sensitive to respiratory depressant effects of anesthetic agents like opiates and nitrous oxide. He nce, anesthesia using inhalational induction, controlled ventilation, avoidance of opioids, and close postoperative monitoring is recommended 20. The prognosis is almost always poor, leading to early death and those who survive commonly require supportive care throughout life. Annual evaluation of the growth status, vision and general wellness is recommended. Periodic neuropsychological follow-up should be maintained.REFERENCESJoubert M, Eisenring JJ, Andermann F Familial dysgenesis of the vermis a syndrome of hyperventilation, abnormal eye movements and retardation. Neurology 1968, 18302-303.Brancati F, Dallapiccola B, Valente EM. jJoubert Syndrome and related disorders. Orphanet J Rar Diseases 2010 520.Maria BL, Hoang KB, Tusa RJ, Mancuso AA, Hamed LM, Quisling RG, Hove MT, Fennell EB, Booth-Jones M, Ringdahl DM, Yachnis AT, Creel G, Frerking B Joubert syndrome revisited key ocular motor signs with magnetic resonance imaging correlation. J Child Neurol 1997, 12423-430.Gleeson, J. G., Keeler, L. C., Parisi, M. A., Marsh, S. E., Chance, P. F., Glass, I. A., Graham Jr, J. M., Maria, B. L., Barkovich, A. J. and Dobyns, W. B.. Molar toothsign of the midbrainhindbrain junction Occurrence in double distinct syndromes. Am J Med Genet 2004, 125A125134.Choh SA, Choh NA, Bhat SA, Jehangir M. MRI findings in Joubert syndrome.Indian J Pediatr.2009 762315.Bayrak S, Tunc ES. Treatment of Anterior Dental Crossbite Using Bonded Resin-Composite Slopes Case subject fields. Eur J Dent 2008 2303-307.Sari S,Gokalp H,Aras S. Correction of anterior dental crossbite with composite as an inclined plane. Int J Paediatr Dent2001 May 11(3)201-8.Edvardson S,Shaag A,Zenvirt S,Erlich Y,Hannon GJ,Shanske AL,Gomori JM,Ekstein J,Elpeleg O. Joubert syndrome 2 (JBTS2) in Ashkenazi Jews is associated with a TMEM216 mutation. Am J Hum Genet. Jan 8, 2010 86(1) 9397Poretti A, Vitiello G, Hennekam RCM, Arrigoni F, Bertini E, Borgatti R, Brancati F, DArrigo S, Faravelli F, Giordano L, Huisman TAGM , Iannicelli M, Kluger G, Kyllerman M, Landgren M, Lees MM, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Scheer I, Schwarz CE, Spiegel R, Tibussek D, Valente EM, Boltshauser E. Delineation and Diagnostic Criteria of spontaneous-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type VI. Orphanet J Rar Diseases 2012, 74.10. Patra S ,Purkait R,Samanta T,Bhadra R. Varadi Papp syndrome, an unusual variant of oral-facial-digital syndrome Report of a rare case. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013 Apr-Jun 16(2) 289291.Z Adm, Z Papp Prenatal diagnosis of orofaciodigital syndrome Varadi-Papp type.JUMOctober 199615714.Atahan Guven, M., Ceylaner, S., Prefumo, F. and Uzel, M. (2004), Prenatal sonographic findings in a case of VaradiPapp syndrome. Prenat Diagn, 24989991.Rabah M. Shawky,Heba Salah Abd-Elkhalek Elabd,Shaimaa Gad,Radwa Gamal,Shaimaa Abdelsattar Mohammad. OralFacialDigital Syndrome type VI with self mutilations, Egypt J Med Hum Genet (2014), http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.05.006Mauceri L, Greco F, Baieli S, Sorge G. Varadi-Papp syndrome report of a case. Clin Dysmorphol 2000 928990.Al-Gazali LI, Sztriha L, Punnose J, Shather W, Nork M. Absent pituitary gland and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis associated with partial ophthalmoplegia and postaxial polydactyly a variant of orofaciodigital syndrome VI or a new syndrome? J Med Genet 1999 361616.Haug K, Khan S, Fuchs S, Ko nig R. OFD II, OFD VI, and Joubert syndrome manifestations in 2 sibs. Am J Med Genet 2000 911357.Steinlin M, Schmid M, Landau K, Boltshauser E. Follow-up in children with Joubert syndrome. Neuropediatrics 1997, 28(4) 204-11.Kaufman, Alan S.IQ Testing 101. Ed. Springer Publishing, New York 112,2009.Munke M, McDonald DM, Cronister A, Stewart JM, Gorlin RJ, Zackai EH. Oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (Varadi syndrome) further clinical delineation. Am J Med Genet 1990, 35360-369.Habre W, Sims C, DSouza M. Anaesthetic management of children with Joubert syndrome.Paediatr Anaesth1997 72513.

International Cartel Of The Airline Industry Economics Essay

International Cartel Of The Airline Industry Economics EssayIn laymans term engagement is an agreement between rival businesses or firms on not to compete with individually former(a). They argon kept classified and discussions take place cozyly. The closely common aspect of corporate trustisation is bell fixing. The other aspects be limiting productivity, hoarding, bid rigging, output trains etc. In economics terminology, obligation usually happens in an Oligopolistic environment especially in Collusive Oligopoly. Oligopoly refers to an patience environment where few firms dominate and recognise the rivalry and interdependence of each other. For every action taken by a firm there will be counter strategies by the other. Cartels generally operate in Collusive Oligopoly.In non collusive oligopoly a firm when devising strategies will use random or planned guesswork and calculations to handle reactions from rivals and consumers whereas in collusive oligopoly it is centrally co mmanded by a group of firms. OPEC is one of the best known examples of all cartels. They determine the live for aircraft turbine go off and other aircraft fuel essentials which are then transferred to the air lane industry which then affects the end user. Cartels act as single firms to maximise profits.Paradox is the most common one word description by economists for the aviation industry. Ever since the advent of aviation it has always seen continuous and rapid growth in consider for services. Any business or industry will do their best to guide hay when sun shines, however the airlines has always been marginally profitable.The low cost carriers, on the other hand, with a shaky start in the beginning seemed economically profitable as compared to the regular service providers. No- frills strategy is to deliver the middle product. The core product for airlines would be to transport passengers from A to B. No major focus is laid on delicious food, seats that would normally eng ender with a full serviced flight. The European airline industry is more popular with low cost brand names like Easyjet and Ryanair.The discussion further, is about a cartel that has been in operation in the no-frills(prenominal) European airline sector for the past 5 years. The objective is to discuss the factors that will end collusion amongst the members and to prise strategies that will keep the cartel from queering apart.People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices or would be consistent with liberty and justice.Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776Cartel trading operations are always known to be short lived. The ever present incentive to cheat amongst the members of a cartel has always lead to withdrawal for firms, and eventually disbanding the cartel. case-by-case firms or oligopolist, in collusion will always prolong desire to cut do wn price or sell more than what the cartel has agreed.No frills airline have short haul flights and always had one class of service unless a flight more than two hours long may have two or more class of service. On a single class of service, cartel members may decide to have a standard price with minor disparities depending on whether the flight is at clear up peak or peak hours of service. At seasonal periods the unexpected huge rush may spare a particular airline that has go bad scheduling. This may incite or tempt the other competitors to join in the foray breaking all the informal agreements. This would be done by assessing past experience of company or could possibly be the counter measure for surprises thrown by cartel members. This would excessively lead to price discrimination for the consumer since a particular route frequented by several no-frills carriers are being charged exorbitantly high and digress from one service provider to another.And those airlines predictin g misfortune that they have to fly empty seats may drop the prices all together ensuring marginal revenue resulting in further price conflict among cartel members.In an oligopolistic environment, few no-frills airlines that are not ascendent will be a price taker because of gauzy overstep size and low passenger load factor it will not have any major contributions to a particular routing. Reasons could vary from off peak routing to poor scheduling of flights. Even if it did make any kinds of additional revenue it will only equate to marginal revenue. This could lead for a littler airline to pull out from the cartel.Game theory is sort of an umbrella or unified field theory for the rational side of fond science, where social is interpreted broadly, to include human as well as non-human players. (Aumann 1987)The objective of game theory is to give everybody in the cartel equilibrium. It provides strategies for airlines from the host of options available to make the right choice fo r the optimum outcome. However, it can be highly unpredictable if an airline adopts a completely different strategy. This would jeopardise the entire decision do for the businesses and hence the cartel.In a cartel, at least one or two airlines will have better standing in terms of fleet size, expect functions like baggage, ramp handlers etc and other such necessities to run an airline business. Big carriers like Ryanair will be able to get ground support services at cheaper prices since they provide larger contracts. In the event of a recession, established firms will try adopting one policy option or its dominant strategy that will be best suited for them against the interest of the cartel. They are able to do this because of the strong support units from vendors which allow them stay afloat with marginal revenue.Equilibrium for cartel firms will only emerge when all airline companies are happy with their present strategies based on what their rivals have adopted. For Airline ind ustry profits have always been seasonal. This makes the predicting the market places continuously unstable.Cartels fear the potential entrance of new firms eating into the market share. There is a huge demand in the airlines industry which invites new players in the market. To avoid any further competition established firms or airlines would increase their fares to the highest price. This strategy, they believe, can charge their passengers without inducing new firms in to the competition. However, smaller players in the cartel are withal at the receiving end of such a strategy.Other factors that also lead to the disintegration of cartel are low demand, competition outside the cartel, diversification into a full service or charter service, government or legislative restrictions etc. Government restrictions step to the fore when low cost carriers may involve operations in more than one country. Weather is also one of the factors that may contribute for firm to break away from a car tel. The recent ash cloud crisis in the European aerospace resulted in $ 1.8 billion loss in revenue by the European carriers. This would inculpate a big impact for small carriers in the no-frills sector.The best interest for all players in a cartel is to remain in collusion. When they come together they will be able to maximise their profits in aviation industry. Cartels are able to last long provided they are effective enough. collusion will be effective when there are few players in the market. Fewer airlines mean they can co-ordinate very well and reduce the level of uncertainty. The rivals in cartel will not have to worry about any surprises strategies by rest. They will be able to monitor each other very well since they share same airports. The ground staff is outsourced and most airlines will have the same vendor. The flight operations, scheduling will all be on the lines of the agreement. collusion with few members will help them agree on price, market share, sales promot ion and expenditure. Fewer firms also mean larger market share and high individual pay-offs. However if the cartel players are unable to restrict entry of new players the market share for individual players are cut down and cheating is back on everyone ones mind.Airlines industry does not always have a stable demand year round. The cartel industry indigences to strategies operations in consultation with all cartel members on flight operations during poor demand. This would help all airline members to reorganise and replan, not just with better flight scheduling but also concentrating on other aspects like aircraft maintenance, crew trainings, product improvisation etc.The objective for firms to form a cartel is to limit competition and increase profits. Airlines would need to set a monopolistic agenda by restricting output and increasing price. They may set fewer flights in a particular sector and raise fares. This would help all cartel members maximise profits. Cartel members shou ld operate the industry in equilibrium. Equilibrium mustiness help the airliners increase fares among the profitable routes and at the same time allocating less profiting sector among all players fairly. It should also provide a methodology or tool to distribute the less profitable routes amongst all players. No-frills airlines may introduce an incentive structure that may reward based on monitoring each airline for their operations based on the agreed rules. They may also penalise to prevent any kind of cheating. Repeated interaction by the no-frills players for future collusive benefits may also deter cheating.Every cartel will have a major player. Major players in no-frills airline business like Ryanair are able to command a price because of the dominant position in the no-frills sector. This makes Ryanair the price leader in the sector. Collusion may take place informally by smaller players recognising the fares setters in the industry and will act as followers. This may help smaller airlines maximise their profits since they can be assured the fare hike is in line with the industry standards and justified. Cartels may also collude together and raise fine fares simultaneously. Such a phenomenon is common in the fuel industry and also difficult to distinguish. At times a smaller airline may also be known to have good knowledge on pricing trends in the industry they will also be followed by other cartel members. It is known as barometric price leadership.Organisational appliances or structures can also be introduced in a cartel. The structure would be like those of any organisation. The mechanism should incorporate external fluctuations like environment, government restrictions, fuel prices etc. For no-frills sector costs need to be kept very low. Environment and fuel hikes leave major impact on revenue. The mechanisms could involve negotiations on cost of fuel which could be provided at subsidised rates to every airliner. No-frills airlines need to make significant investment in the development of organisational mechanisms and organisational skills so that it makes cheating a secondary issue and is deemed inappropriate future action by the members. question says that some cartels last on an average of 5 years. However, variance in the duration is high for several other cartels. The no-frills airline cartels need to overcompensate problems of co-ordination, cheating and entry. Cartels that are able to introduce organisational mechanisms among the members are able to progress as successfully.

The Community Facilities Provision

The federation Facilities ProvisionCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1.1 PrefaceCommunity facilities is the master(prenominal) element in one neighbourhood argona because this kind of facilities is the place where the resident use to touch on their living needs so this makes the confederacy facilities provision is crucial in give good living environment to the neighbourhood especially is terminal of location and handiness. Other than that, lodge facilities also are the building or place that provides a particular service such as school, neighbourhood shop and playground. Community facilities also must be laid at the strategic place and easy guideable to the commonwealth live in the neighbourhood.1.2 Problem StatementNowdays, the provision of fraternity facilities in Malaysia is in time regularize for all type of neighbourhood subject field whether in high greet houses, mass metier live houses or junior-grade cost houses because the signpost used to developing the community of interests facilities is based on the guideline for public facilities which is produced by JPBD Malaysia. This provision of community facilities using this guideline for today situation is not suitable because of nowday varied neighbourhood compass fetch different kind of living condition such as people in unkept-pitched cost area tends to have different lifestyle compare to medium cost people, this situation will influence the use of community facilities in the neighbourhood area itself because of its location and availability to the community facilities. This causes some problem to occurs such asPeople in the neighbourhood area feel hard to reach the community facilities by paseo especially the medium cost houses area.People in the medium cost housing area take longer time taken to reach the community facilities from the residential area compare to low cost housing area.Some of the neighbourhood lack of community facilities.Climate affects the whirling behaviour of resid ent to community facilities.The community facilities that provided in neighbourhood area are not well used and maintain.1.3 Aim and ObjectiveThe aim of this dissect is to produce the recommendation for guideline in improving the provision of community facilities towards a walkable neighbourhood.1.3.2 ObjectiveIn order to achieve the call for aim, there are a few objectives stated, such as-To investigate and compared the walking behaviour in low cost housing area and medium cost housing area to reach the community facilities.To investigate safety factors that influence the walking experience in low cost housing area and medium cost housing area.To investigate the thingamabob factors that influence the walking experience in low cost housing area and medium cost housing area.To propose the recommendation of guidelines to increase the walkability to reach the community facilities in neighbourhood area.1.4 Scope of depicted objectIn order to achieve the objective that is mention abov e, the scope of speculate need to be identified. The important saying that must be considered will get hold the limitation of this study. The scopes are as followsWalking behaviour of people from residential to the community facilities is compared between the low cost housing area with medium cost housing area.From residential to neighbourhood shopFrom residential to playgroundFrom residential to elementary schoolThe accessibility of community facilities is determined by investigated the respondent opinion on how to reach the community facilities from residential area.The location of community facilities from the house in low cost housing area and medium cost housing area is quantify by walking distance within 0.4 km and the time taken to reach the community facilities.The household profile of people in low cost neighbourhood and medium cost neighbourhood area is analysed and the respondent are only(prenominal) people age within the range between 18 years old and above.The safet y aspect that influence the walking experience is analysed in term of security, motorist behaviour and crossing exposure between the low cost housing area and medium cost housing areaThe convenience aspect that influence walking experience is analysed in term visual appeal, pedestrian amenities and coverage and connectivity between the low cost housing area and medium cost housing area.1.5 Research MethodologyMethodology is a guideline and that outhouse describe the process in obtaining all of the information of the study. It also batch determine the suitable method in how the research will be conducted. In this study, there are mainly four wooden legs involved which starts from the exploratory study stage, follow with the data collection and data analysis stages and lastly the new plan stage.Stage 1 Background look at and Literature ReviewThis is the stage where the background of the study and the literature review is being prepared because it is important to understand the to pic that has be chosen. Other than that, it is important to investigate the problem of the study area so that it can help in create the aim and objective of the study and also to make the early logical hypothesis. This theoretical study stages also is important because it can help in enhancing the hold outledge and get a lot of information for this study. ordinarily the theoretical study is present materials and vicarious data source which can be in form of books, document, report, journal, thesis, magazine, newspaper and internet sources. The source of the second-string data also can be implant from library, executive agency office and internet.Stage 2 Field SurveyData collection is stage where the field work study is being done. Usually the data that can be produce is the primary data. Primary data is the raw data acquired through observation, interview, questionnaire and perception to the study area. In this study, the questionnaire is distributed using trustworthy number o f standard that has been calculated.The method used in calculating sample for the questionnaire and the technique used in distributed the sample is well done to produce more than accurate data. The sample is calculating based on the variable used for calculating sample involved the total population and interval error. The formula used are n = N/ (1+Ne).The technique used in distributing the sample for this study is known as proportionate sampling and simple haphazard sampling. The proportionate sampling is the techniques using the ratio of the population in determine the number of sample need to be used in low cost housing area and medium cost housing area with the total population. The simple random sampling is the technique using the number of population and resolve in the random direction.Stage 3 Data Analysis and FindingAt this stage, all the data will be analyse and come oning is the crossway of the study. This stage is clear defined to determine the weaknesses of the si te. Moreover, the issues and problem of the site area also can be identified. Finding of this study is very important and utilizable to me to make the study proposal successful.Stage 4 ProposalA proposal is made based on the finding of the study. At this stage also, the proposal can be design and proposed based on the output of the analysis and the summary that have been done earlier.1.6 Significant of StudyThis study is done because to know what is the implication of public facilities provision toward the walking behaviour of the people in the neighbourhood area. Analyse the walking behaviour in the neighbourhood area is important in determine are the people actually walk to reach their community facilities and how far are they willing to walk to reach it. This is important because when people tend to walk to reach the community facilities in the neighbourhood, this show that the community facilities is well used and not be abundant.Other than that, this study is important because it can determine the walkability of the neighbourhood between different neighbourhood area because usually people in low cost housing area are more likely to walk compare to people in medium cost housing area. This happen because the density of the people and the availability of automobile of the people in the area.Moreover, this study also helps in making environment of the neighbourhood become the walkable environment because it can make people living in the neighbourhood walk in order to reach their living need, increase the safety and security aspect in the neighbourhood and make people more convenience and dulcet while walking.Other than that, the significant of this study is that it can help in improving the guidelines for neighbourhood concept. It also probably can help in ascent the neighbourhood concept by Clarence Perry become new neighbourhood concept for the future because even in the modernize era, the neighbourhood concept by Clarence Perry still been used for develo ping the neighbourhood area for housing development.1.7 Study LimitationBasically there are limitation in doing the research and primary and secondary data collecting during the survey. The limitations that have to be taken into consideration are-The total number of sample cannot be completed as it hard to find respondent because people are working and not in their house.The bigger interval error needs to be used in calculating the sample because limited time available.Rainy day makes going to survey need to be postponed .1.8 Case StudyThe study area is located in partitioning 7, Shah Alam and under the local authority of Shah Alam City Council. The study area covers 1080 unit of low cost houses and 566 unit of medium cost houses. The total population for the low cost housing area is 5400 people and the total population for medium cost housing area is 2830 people. The type of houses for low cost housing area is flat while the medium cost housing is the terrace houses. The area is c hosen as the site area because Section 7 is has one of the biggest and newest low cost housing schemes in Shah Alam and Section 7 is the only section that consist both type of houses which is the low cost housing area and the medium cost housing area located in one section. Other than that, this site area also is chosen because the community facilities in most of the area are adequate and available.1.9 Study Work ScheduleTable 1.1 Study Work ScheduleMONTHJanuary 2011February 2011March 2011April 2011WEEK1234123412341234Chapter 1 Study Synopsis Determined the aim and objective of study Identify problem statement Determined the study area for the study Submission of Chapter 1Chapter 2 Literature Review Preparation the theoretical study related to the case study Collection the secondary data Preparation of questionnaire Submission of Chapter 2Chapter 3 Data Collection Collection of primary data and survey Submission of Chapter 3Chapter 4 Analysis and Findings Preparation of the stu dy analysis and findings Finding and determine the current issues andproblem at site Submission of Chapter 4Chapter 5 Summary and Proposal Preparation of study summary and proposal Submission of Study Report (Draft) Submission of Study Report (Final)

Battle of Breitenfeld Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is said that the Romans owed the conquest of the world to no other cause than continual military training, exact rite of discipline in their camps and unwearied cultivation of the arts of war. The historical references of their battles will prove time and again that this statement has validity. How could such an Army rise to the military unit that was Rome in all its glory while being outnumbered on almost every battlefield? In an attempt to explore this question, one must(prenominal) delve into the foundation of the early Roman army and follow it through the five hundred year reign of power as the city-state rose to an imperium (Preston.pg.29) The process by which Rome developed from a small military outpost on a river-crossing to become the dominant power of the Italian Peninsula was by no means swift or continuous. It took the better part of five centuries and during that time Rome itself was twice occupied by foreign powers (Warry. Pg.108). As the posture of Etrurua dimi nished, Rome asserted its authority over both the Etruscans and the Latins, but at the beginning of the fourth century B.C. the city was overwhelmed, after the disastrous battle of the Allia, by a vast horde of Gallic raiders (Contamine. pg.9). The Romans retreated into their citadel on the Capitoline Mount where they eventually fought off the Gauls, whose immediate interest was in pillaging for anything of expenditure and not in the land (Dersin.pg.8). Roman history records that the great Camillus, Romes exiled war leader, was recalled to speed the parting Gauls with military action, but this tries to hide the concomitant that the Gauls departed of their own accord, having obtained what they wanted. Roman military history is checkered by catastrophes that few great empires could have sustained during the period of their growth. Nobody would deny that the Romans were a formidable military nation yet the genius which enabled them eventually to dominate the ancient world was as much policy-making as military.Their great political instrument of choice was the concept of citizenship. Citizenship was not simply a status which one did or did not possess. It was and aggregate of right, duties, and honors, which could be acquired separately and conferred by installments (Boatwright.pg.25). such(prenominal) were the rights of making legal contracts and marriages. From both of these the right to a political vote was not separable no... ...rise to power, no single people dominated all or even most of that world. Military force and tactics that adapted over time and between enemies were large factors in Romes eventual controller over the entire region, and credit must be given to the resiliency of the Romans in the face of victories and defeats along the way. Works CitedPreston, Richard Roland, Alex Wise Sydney. Men In Arms. (Ohio Thompson Wadsworth, 2005)Warry, John. state of war in the Classical World. (London Oklahoma University and Salamander Books Ltd, 1995)Boa twright, Mary Gargola, Daniel Talbert, Richard. The Romans From Village to Empire. (New York Oxford University Press, 2004)Grant, Michael. The Fall Of The Roman Empire. (New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990)Nardo, Don. The Rise Of the Roman Empire. (California Greenhaven Press, 2002)Contamine, Phillip. War in the Middle Ages. (Massachusetts Blackwell Publishing, 1999)Dersin, Denise. What living Was Like When Rome Ruled the World. (Virginia Time Life Books, 1997)Harris, Nathaniel. History of Ancient Rome. (London Octopus Publishing, 2000)Roberts, Timothy. Ancient Rome. (New York Friedman/Fairfax

Sir William Wallace :: essays research papers

When the mogul of Scotlanddied without an heir to the throne the nephew of the king also the king ofEngland nicknamed Edward the Longshanks (Edward I) took the throne for himselfand complete control of Scotland. William WallWhen the king of Scotland died without an heir to thethrone the nephew of the king also the king of England nicknamed Edward theLongshanks (Edward I) took the throne for himself and complete control of Scotland.William Wallace was Bornin January of the course of study 1272. He was the second of three sons. He was born inthe town of Elerslie, which was in Scotland. His Father Sir Malcolm Wallaceheld the title of knight but had little to no political power. Wallaces Fatherwas involved in a revolt called Turnberry Band when William was 14 years oldand was sent to live with his uncle Argile. His Uncle taught William Latinand French and how to be a swordsmen.When Williams father returned from therevolt at Turnberry Band William was 17 years old. Fighting between riv alfamilies and rival towns were heating up. Civil War was about to flare up outin Scotland. Brawling and riots inside towns turned into full scale battles,Where in the Battle of Loudoun Hill Williams father was involved and killed.William Stayed with his mother For two years until he met Murron Braidfootand married her in the year 1272. There are many tales on how William Wallacebecame and outlaw after his marrige, one such is that one day William wasfishing at a near by lake when a group of english soilders approached him anddemanded william give them the fish he had caught. William trying to get foodfor himself and his wife said they could entirely take half. The soilders enragedlunged at William. But William fought off and killed both of the guards, foreverbecoming an outlaw. In The month of may 1272 A group of english soilders underthe command of The English Sheriff of Lanark, William de Hazelrig ordered thedeath of Williams wife. It seems that William had already started his revoltagainst England when his wife was murdered in an attempt to arrest Wallace.Wallaces huge act of rebellion attracted the precaution of common folk andScots nobles alike, all of whom were unwilling to bear Edward the Longshankslaws.Rebelion forces under William Wallace were scattered all over scotlandbut they all submerged together and met a larger more equipped english armyat the Battle of Stirling. The Battle of Stirling happened a little differently