The Singapore An Aging Population Economics Essay

The Singapore An Aging Population Economics Essay Ageing is the accumulation of physical, physiological and social changes in a person over time. It is a phenomenon that every individual is bound to experience. Therefore, it is only natural for one to hope to live in a society that respects, supports and caters to various needs of the elderly. Today, governments around the world are facing the tough challenge of providing adequate healthcare and housing for the elderly. Due to the possible ineffective allocation of funds or the lack of concern for its elderly citizens by the government, there is a possibility that a large proportion of the aged are neglected and are left scrounging for basic necessities while struggling with myriad health issues associated with age. Singapore currently has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. However, it also has an extremely low birth rate and an appallingly high rate of ageing. Approximately 10% of the population of 5 million is aged over 65. This figure will increase to about 25% by the year 2020. With such shocking statistics, many questions come to mind. A young man may worry about how he will find the means to support his elderly parents as well as his own family.   A woman close to retirement may be concerned about her future and wonder whether she would have to perform menial jobs to make ends meet. It is the duty of any government to give priority to the needs and demands of its citizens and take steps to address them. Thus, Singapores Government has to formulate policies that address the possible problems of an aging population and take preventive measures to counter the same. Stakeholders Involved Before attempting to solve the problems of Singapores aging population, it is critical to identify the stakeholders involved. By studying the effects of an ageing population on these stakeholders, the potentially negative effects of this issue can be mitigated, and future problems can be anticipated. Especially with the ever-changing social demographics and economic conditions, the inter-connectedness of the pressure which an aging population would exert on our country as a whole should not be underestimated, especially during the phase when identified secondary social stakeholders transit to primary social stakeholders. Primary stakeholders include: 1) Senior citizens Senior citizens are the very group of people to experience the most impact as their well-being is at stake. General concerns for these group of stakeholders include: Would the future generations be able to support the increasing proportion of senior citizens? Are infrastructure and public services elderly-friendly? Will the Singapore Government introduce more schemes and policies aimed at improving the situation? 2) Working Singaporeans As an ageing population increases demand for healthcare and other services, the financial pressure on Singaporeans rises too as the taxes they contribute to support these services increases. This decreases the income they bring home and directly affects their spending power. 3) Singapore Government With a shrinking workforce, a drop in the economic growth rate is inevitable. The government is responsible for the introduction of suitable policies to contain the situation. Besides, the government has to ensure that Singaporeans adopt an optimistic view on the matter and create nation-wide awareness on the impacts of an ageing population. Secondary stakeholders include: 1) Future generations Currently, the implications of an ageing population have yet to fully present themselves and the Singapore Government is absorbing most of the effects at current situation. However, if statistical studies prove right and the proportion of senior citizens to working Singaporeans increases, the effects would be more severe and Singaporeans would have to share the burden of supporting the ageing population in later years. Therefore, our future generations will also face the same negative effects of the ageing population that current Singaporeans face. 2) Businesses As Singapores population is growing older, there will be a relatively fewer number of people in the working sector. Businesses and organisations will be affected by the lack of young and skilled workers. As a result, additional funds may have to be spent on trainings to help the older workers master new skills. Furthermore, due to higher taxes burden on households,   purchasing power of individuals will decrease significantly. This will eventually affect the growth of businesses. The secondary stakeholders neither directly affected nor involved in the problem. Future generations have yet to be affected by the problem of ageing. When the situation worsens in future, our descendants will have to support their elders and will also be affected by higher taxes. They will subsequently become primary stakeholders. As we can see, large sections of the society are affected by this issue and will continue to be affected by the continuous increase of ageing population. Hence, immediate steps have to be taken in order to minimize the damages caused by this issue. Figure 1 (insert) The Implications Of An Aging Population Singapore has one of the highest proportions of elderly citizens in the world, and second only to Japan in South East Asia. (Suan Ee Ong, 2010). http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/sif2012.pdf 1. Society The Declining Standards of an Individuals Health Research suggests that as individuals age, they are increasingly prone to numerous health risks. The risk of malnutrition heightens with age with 3 in 10 elderly at high risk. (http://www.asicluster3.com/blog_self/index.php?page=viewentryid=133)   As a person ages, problems like diabetes or parkinsons sets in, along with dietary restrictions. One can also expect an overall deteriorating quality of physical health. For instance, psychomotor skills deteriorate, resulting in stifled physical independence.   Osteoporosis, a disease in which causes the bones to become less dense affects large numbers of our elderly. Additionally, mental health starts deteriorating with the onset of illnesses like dementia and depression. As one ages, quality of health will undoubtedly follows a downward trend. Coupled with an increasing number of citizens aged 65 and above. this leads to a decrease in the standard of health over a period of time. This would in turn give rise to new industries and businesses revolving around health care, with niche specialisations in care for the aged. It is important for the society   to provide services that target the aged. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that not all of   the aged will be in need of health care services if society helped them lead an active lifestyle. Therefore, the population growth forecasted in future years, urban economic countries will lack the appeal to attract immigrants. (Kresl, Peter Karl Letri, Daniele (2010)) Being a small country with low birth rate, Singapore may face some challenges in attracting foreign talent to our city in future. Therefore, our society may face difficulties in employing a sufficiently skilled workforce to maximise output. Effects On Future Generations As the population ages, there will be an increasing demand for goods and services in the healthcare sector. A governments duty is to serve its people, and society as a whole would expect basic health care services to be provided. Consequently, there will be   increased pressure on the government to provide for health care. Monetary costs would be incurred and would be passed on to society in the form of increased taxes. With the dismal birth rates we see today (1.22 births per woman in 2011, down from 1.83 in 1990), tax burdens on future generations (who will then become primary social stakeholders) will only increase as time goes by. (Department of Statistics Singapore. (2012)) There is an inverse relationship between the dependency ratio (percentage of the population who are too old or too young to work) and birth rate of a country. Naturally, an increasing dependency ratio can be attributed   to a declining birth rate.   If the birth rate continues to stagnate or drop, the dependency ratio would only increase at a faster rate in the future. This translates into a heavier burden on the working population to maintain economic growth and to provide for dependent citizens. The Reverence of The Silver Generation to Society It is evident that the elderly exert a major influence on our social fabric. They carry with them the cultures, traditions and values that make our country what it is today. The hard work and time that they put in to raise educated, motivated and refined citizens of this generation is the reason why our country has reached this level of success. As the saying goes, with time comes wisdom. Therefore, the silver generation is much revered, and as per asian cultures, due respect and care should be given to them. As the elderly before us have served the country by contributing to it in various aspects, Singapores government should have a sense of filial piety to them. Since the government is a primary social stakeholder involved in the issue of an ageing population, it has introduced many government initiatives to solve arising problems. Summing Up To handle the implications of an aging population, we should seek to improve elderly standards of living and encourage them to contribute to society even at an age past retirement. The government should also take up initiatives to help senior citizens fit in and continue to be part of the workforce even at a ripe old age. 2. Businesses Due to the rapid growth of an ageing population, there are certain issues that may arise. Productivity Issues In Organisations A large proportion of senior citizens in a population indicates a decline in size of a productive workforce.   According to the UNs latest biennial population forecast, the median age for all countries will rise from 29 to 38 years by 2050. (SOURCE) We may safely assume that the dependency ratio will increase dramatically over the next few decades. Organizations looking to expand productivity would be reluctant to hire older workers. Those following a profit maximising model opine that it would be more cost efficient to hire younger workers due to their higher productivity. Additionally, during periods of recession, more often than not, older workers are among the top few in the retrenchment list. However, this contrasts   the fact that older workers bring with them a plethora of experience and wisdom, which can only be gained over time.   Despite cost inefficiency, it is unfair to be against the notion of hiring of older workers. Singapores government foresaw these issues and implemented new legislations to curb age discrimination at the workplace. As of 1 Jan 2012, under the Retirement and Re-employment Act (RRA), the statutory retirement age was set at 62, and companies have to offer re-employment contracts to workers up to the age of 65. http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/employment-rights-conditions/retirement/Pages/retirement.aspx With these new initiatives, it can be seen that the government is indirectly engaging all business organisations through legislation. These businesses, which were once secondary social stakeholders, are now evolving into primary social stakeholders in this issue of an aging population. Increase In Demand For Health Care   Elderly-Specific Facilities Many countries, including Singapore, have been working towards providing better care, not just in clinics and hospitals, but also within the community and at home. To enhance accessibility for the elderly, the government has taken up many initiatives and projects to improve   living conditions for the elderly. For example, the Enhancement for Active Seniors (EASE) programme implemented by Singapore government introduced slip-resistant bathrooms and even installed grab bars within flats. Other projects include life upgradation, building   of   barrier-free features such as ramps and the levelling of steps . In order to provide a more accessible healthcare services, the Singapore government has given more emphasis on home and community-based services, which include the expansion of social rehabilitative care places . More subsidies have also been introduced to support the poor and those from middle-income families.    The growing ageing   population has resulted in the growing demand for facilities and the expansion of subsidies which is putting great pressure on government. Government spending on health care is estimated to increase even further in the future   as more money is required to support new initiatives and expansion of the existing initiatives. There is also a need to hire more health professionals, for which more resources and funds are required. As a result, the allocation of the budget towards healthcare is expected to rise as related spending would increase to about twice by 2030. http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/My+Money/Story/A1Story20080627-73309.html 3. Government Government policies not only have a positive impact on the lives of the elderly, but may also have a negative impact on businesses. Business owners may feel restricted by such employment policies and may decide to move out of Singapore. They may also stop supporting the government in the elections . The government relies heavily on taxes from small and large businesses for its sources of revenue. If these businesses were to change location or move out of Singapore due to restrictive policies, revenues would fall. A drop in revenue would mean that the government has less to spend on other facilities for its people. Furthermore, relocation of businesses would result in widespread loss of local jobs. The result is a higher dependency ratio, higher unemployment rate, less revenue for the government and the slowing down of the economy. Thus, the government should ensure that any policy related to ageing does not anger or upset the sentiments of various businesses and should keep in mind what is at stake. Summing Up Let us consider the repercussive chain of effects of aging population. Firstly the number of people in the workforce would drop, with a corresponding increase in the dependency ratio. This translates into a drop in output /productivity of individual businesses and the economy as a whole. As Singapores GDP is very dependant on both our import/export sectors and consumerism this could cause Singapores economy to go into a slowdown. One might argue that there would be an increase in the growth due to the consumption of more healthcare. However the drops in productivity would be greater than the increase in consumption of healthcare. Eventually, there will be an increased burden on the current workforce to maintain economic growth. Finally, if nothing is done, a vicious cycle commences, and future generations would find it increasingly difficult to provide for the previous generations and support the economy. (Picture Singapores indicator of ageing) Actions Taken By Singapores Government Singapores government recognises that the increase in the ageing population will lead to several consequences that will affect all sections of society, as well as the economy of the country. Hence, in order to support the older population, the government has put in place various policies and introduced new   schemes. In 2004, the government set up the Committee on Aging Issues. This committee comprised of   private and government representatives who came together to discuss issues related to ageing.   The recommendations for solutions related to these issues were presented in a report and were passed for implementation. They aimed at enhancing employability, improving healthcare facilities, promoting active lifestyles and financial independence. The government also aims at establishing concrete facts about our population and conducts frequent surveys to gauge the physical and mental health of seniors. It also identifies areas to improve the wellbeing of its citizens. (Reference: http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/Portals/0/Topic/Issues/EDGD/Brief%20on%20Ageing%20Population%20(Public).pdf) 1. Housing As seen from Figure 1 (Singapore: Indicators of Ageing), the proportion of Singaporeans aged 65 and above will significantly rise in the coming years. Hence, there is a need for the government to introduce schemes that provide adequate housing that caters to the needs of elderly such as their health, mobility and security, which is of utmost importance. Some schemes that the government introduced were the Multi-Generation Flats in 1987 and Granny Flats in 1991. However, they were not very well received. A more successful initiative was the implementation of Project LIFE ( Lift Improvement and Facilities Enhancement for Elderly). (Reference: http://asiaforum.tsaofoundation.org/pdfDownloads/Day1/D1_plenary/plenarySession_1/Housing%20developments%20for%20ageing%20population%20in%20Spore%20-%20yap%20chin%20beng.pdf) This proposal aims at creating lifts in Housing Development Board (HDB) flats so that every floor is serviced, for the convenience of the elderly and the handicapped. The government expects complete adoption of this plan in all HDB flats by 2014. In addition, integrated studio apartments were also incorporated into each housing block and came with spaces for social and communal gatherings. In the year 2011, the government introduced the idea of barrier-free housing environments which involved the building of handicap ramps and pathways to facilitate easy movement of wheelchairs. Therefore, continuous modification of housing landscapes aims at meeting the needs of citizens and to provide a comfortable shelter for each and every senior citizen. 2. Transport Public transport has also seen improvements and is somewhat more elder-friendly. In 2006, MRT stations were modified and made barrier free. Today, approximately forty percent of our buses are wheelchair accessible. 3. Encouraging re-employment Due to the negative impacts of ageing population on the workforce productivity, the government has seen the importance to tackle on this problem so as to sustain economic growth. Hence, the 2005 appointment of a Tripartite Committee (government, employers and trade union) on Employability of Older Workers by the Minister for Manpower addressed the issue by implementing several measures (Thang, L. (2011)). One of the measures is the the enactment of Retirement and Re-Employment Act (RRA) which was put into effect on 1 Jan 2012. The Tripartite Committee formed the Tripartite Implementation Workgroup to help employers carry out this initiative. In October 2007, the Tripartite Implementation Workgroup formed by the Tripartite Committee was to assist companies in the implementation of the re-employment measures. In order to further encourage the implementation of re-employment schemes for older workers, companies were given financial support of up to $400,000 for policies that were placed in line with the re-employment legislation. Workforce Development Agency also subsidized the re-training programmes that were put in place by employers. in addition, Continuing Education and Training (CET) master plan was launched in 2008 by the Ministry of Manpower to provide trainings for employees so that they will be equipped with skills that keep up with the pace of the fast-growing industries. While the government attempts to encourage re-employment of older workers, they have to ensure that younger employees and employers are willing to accept them. This is because older workers are generally perceived as unproductive and inflexible. Hence, measures have been put in place foster an age-friendly working environment. This is done by introducing national awards to acknowledge companies with the most progressive and unbiased practices. The Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) has also put in place many guidelines to advocate on fairness and to discourage discrimination of the old-aged employees. (Thang, L. (2011)) Hence, by encouraging the older employees to continue working, and   by changing mindsets to accept older workers, Singapores workforce and output can be maintained at the current level of integrity. The Tripartite Implementation Workgroup was a relative success as by February 2009, 706 unionized companies have committed to re employment while 4650 workers over age 62 were re-employed by the end of 2008. (Thang, L. (2011)) 4. Ensuring financial stability for the aged Due to the decreasing fertility rate in Singapore, there will be a heavier financial burden on the future generations, and it is possible that the older generation may not be financially independent. The Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) Scheme was introduced in 2007 to ensure that Singaporeans will have sufficient savings for their retirement. This scheme encourages the older workers who are earning low-paying salary to continue working so that they can accumulate more CPF savings.   In order to supplement higher take-home pay and reduced CPF rates, the Government began to give elderly workers part of the WIS in cash so that they can afford for their basic needs. (Reference:http://mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/Members/Gen-Info/Workfare.html) Furthermore, due to the increase in life expectancy, the government plans to increase the Minimum Sum Draw-Down age from 62 to 65 by the year 2018. There were also plans to introduce a longevity insurance scheme. This will ensure that CPF members can be assured of a basic income as long as they live. (Reference:http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/Portals/0/Summary/pressroom/03-2008.pdf) 5. Healthcare In face of the current trend that can be observed in Singapore, it is essential that healthcare services are improved to cater to the needs of the older population. Thus, the Ministry of Health introduced a Chronic Disease Management Programme which empowered physicians to adopt a holistic approach in the treatment of diseases. Furthermore, the ElderShield Scheme for the disabled was enhanced in 2007 to help increase affordability of medical services by paying $400 per month for up to 6 years. There was a 60% improvement from the previous scheme.    http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/costs_and_financing/schemes_subsidies/ElderShield.html In addition, the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) and the Ministry of Health (MOH) are also conducting   a review of eldercare services aimed at bettering facilities such as daycare centres, rehabilitation centres and home help services . The concept of active ageing was developed by the European Commission in 2002. It brings forward the idea of higher retirement age and longer period of activity in the workforce. It has been proven that leading an active and directional life improves the overall well-being of an individual and helps keep illnesses and diseases at bay. Active ageing was introduced by the Singapore government in order to ensure self sufficiency of citizens after retirement. It established the Council for Third Age(C3A) in May 2007 to promote active ageing and fund community-based events related to active ageing. In addition, due to the increase in degenerative diseases that require expensive treatment, the concept of active ageing is gaining more importance. It is said that the cost of treatment for the older generation will cost two to three times more than that needed for the younger population. (Reference: http://www.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20071031-33327.html) What Does the Future Hold? Our population is ageing at a rate faster than in countries such as Australia, South Korea, UK and the USA. (ref first article in dropbox) . The number of citizens aged 65 and above will show a sevenfold increase by the year 2050. So what does this mean for our future? Firstly, our country will be more prone to external invasion. Presence of an ageing population is an indicator that our defense is weakening. We will have fewer young people to fill the ranks of the army, and fewer physically fit citizens to defend us in times of need. Our future and survival will be threatened. Secondly, economic growth will slow down. Singapore will no longer be seen as a hub of young, talented and competitive individuals by global MNCs. They may no longer want to invest and set up their offices here. Furthermore, with fewer individuals to pay income taxes, the government will have less money to spend on healthcare, infrastructure,etc. As a result, taxes will increase, leaving people less to spend on themselves and their family. The demand for healthcare services will rise, but will not be sufficiently subsidised by a government which does not have enough resources. Singapore is at the brink of entering a vicious cycle . If immediate short-term and long-term measures are not taken, we are bound to find ourselves moving backwards and reaching a rate of growth similar to what we had many decades ago. Our recommendations 1. Enhancing senior citizens value in the organization through empowerment In line with the re-employment policies the government has in place, we suggest that organizations create appointments and titles specially aimed at empowering senior citizens. They should ensure that   these creations are aligned with the capabilities of these senior citizens. Likewise, existing positions should   be modified according to their capabilities. The purpose of this   is to enhance their value and well-being in the workplace where they are often regarded as liabilities more than assets. With such initiatives, senior citizens will be able to perform better, with more flexibility and recognition within the organization. This also widens the operating structure of organizations, allowing for more variety of specialization. At the same time, organizations could tap into their experience and expertise, especially for crisis management and advisory roles. Even within the Singapore Cabinet, forefather Lee Kuan Yew is still actively involved in local politics at the age of 89 and the titles Minister Mentor and Senior Minister were specially created to continuously empower him. 2. Continuous active promotion of healthy aging from small communities Presently, Senior Citizens Executive Committees (SCECs) under the Peoples Association (PA), the largest senior citizens network in Singapore, organizes a wide variety of activities and courses aimed at enhancing senior citizens life experiences. They are usually conducted at a national level, and seldom reach out to the smaller communities. The government could engage Resident Committees (RCs) and Community Centres (CCs) in neighbourhoods to aid in promoting healthy aging. Subsidised or sponsored activities could be one alternative to attract senior citizens to actively exercise healthy aging. Constant awareness can be achieved through newsletters and pamphlets mailed to letterboxes. 3. Strengthening family ties It is important for our society to realise the value and importance of senior citizens. They should not be viewed as burdens; instead they should be seen as extraordinary citizens who brought us as well as our country to the position we are in today. Hence, it is expected that we, the younger generation, give them the deserved care and respect without any ulterior motive in mind. We feel that the indoctrination of these strong values should begin at a young age.   Special programmes should be introduced into schools in order to promote togetherness within the family. Children should be educated about the importance of elders in society and should be taught to always show them respect and kindness. The media can also play a role an important in this process by occasionally publishing articles that portray the elderly in a good light.

Insecurity of Food in India Impacts

Insecurity of Food in India Impacts The food insecurity determined many components in the system of food, as well as individuals and factors regarding to social economic. When discussing about the individual food insecurity they are based on knowledge on nutritional benefit, source of preparing food, skills required to prepare food, period of time to have it and in fact of all availability of healthy food source. Famishment and hunger is caused due to lack of food and enough food is require to be well nourished. During recent years there are many experienced significant modifications has been made to food policies in many developing countries in order to sustain food availability and constancy. According to Food and Agriculture organization of the United States nations report states that one in every nine people in the world have still faced food insufficient for a healthy lifestyle or health living ().The main meaning of food security is availability of food at all times, access of to it and nutritional benefit that in variety of product, quality of product and cultural satisfactory (4). During 2012-2014 there are about 805 million people were estimated to be chronically undernourished and will be down by more than 100 million people over the last decades and since 1990-1990 by 209 million peoples. () The social determinants of food insecurity among the developing world is caused due to the climate change, population growth, war between countries, diseases caused to livestock, pests and loss of agricultural fields due to urbanization. In this paper I would like to discuss about social determinants of food insecurity in India and social determinants of health due to insecurity in food. The present situation of Insecurity of Food in India shows a gloomy picture when it compare with other developing countries among the world .Due to the Current data of Food Insecurity India has the largest number of people in the world who are unable to get a healthy food lifestyle and Food insecurity is caused due to orthodox concept of belief like food inaccessibility and inadequate buying capability , sociological and demographic characteristics such as unemployment, Illiteracy rate ,urbanization ,unsustainable environmental conditions such as negative influence of political power in the coordination among the departments or sectors who handles the food insecurity and poor handling of food distribution department among the states or rural areas . As a solution to the above situation, it have to begin from multi department of health and food supply chains and must give importance in agriculture by giving adequate knowledge and farming equipment’s ,development in rural area w ere the food insecurity is more , promoting women empowerment in all sectors give them free education and work rights ,job opportunity in the government sectors ,giving good environmental condition such as water quality and supply ,providing proper sanitation and proper domestic waste management so to increase the quality of nature for sustainable production of agriculture products (1). The childhood malnutrition is another issues related food insecurity. According to the UN report, there are 2.1 million Indian children die before reaching the age of 5 per year that is 4 children every year. Among the death about half of it is caused due to infectious diseases such as respiratory illness, malaria, diarrhea that are treated with low of cost approach(2).Malnutrition and anemia are the two medical conditions which caused during the childhood development and food insecurity is the main reason for both causes. According to the mother and child nutrition organization about 38.4 % of children under 3 are too short for their age and 46% child are underweight that is too thin for their age and abnormally low weight child height affects 19% of children under 3 years of age. If we take the anemic among the child is about 79.2% is more .This caused due to the lake of unemployment and lack of uneducated mother or parenting among the rural place of India .This can be improved by giving sufficient training to the parents during the child hood development. As the high rate of anemia among the child of rural India is caused due to the poor diet, unhygienic conditions and due to the limit to supply like iron tablets during pregnancy stage. This have to the supplied to the people of local community of women’s by health service centers .In India Health service centers are lack of doctors this due to the people hesitate to work in remote area due to insufficient resources like proper center, proper sanitation for living and proper house for the workers of health service or health centers. One of the common disease among the rural children is diarrhoea and often caused due to the insufficient clean water supply and improper hand sanitation like Hand wash when baby feeding etc. The ground water quality is low due to the industrial irrigation plant and industrial waste dumping to the nearby river. This water cannot be supplied to rural Indian .Due to the extreme weather conditions in India most of river which are dry during summer season and rural people have to carry water from long distance. According to the World Health Organization that about 50 percent of children with malnutrition is related to diarrhoea and caused due to poor quality of water sanitations(3). The rural poverty and food insecurity effect the people to migrate from the rural place to city for the better life and in search of better healthy condition .But this leads to massive increase of slums among the cities of India .The people who were living in the slum have even bad way of health life style .This is due to the over population and unavailability of supply among the slum .The main health needs such as sanitation is not provided and drinking water is also not provided in the slums. The politician are not active in the case of slum, they will never be able to produce or introduce and policy to improve the health condition of people who were living in below poverty line in India. According to 2012 WHO Food Insecurity report states that India is home to more than 217 million undernourished people(5),So that is who were living in slum especially in major cities like New Delhi and Mumbai . Social determinants of Food insecurity also depending on household it means that food insecurity is upon the status of each member of that particular household and availability of food ,sharing between them ,sufficient food Varity ,food quality and hygienic standards of food ,a part of all the health status of family member is to be good to deliver a good health status .This criteria will help to protect the food insecurity among the family thus can achieve a healthy community among the rural place.According to the report of Food and Agricultural organization states that well-nourished people are successful outcome of social-economic development and it carry important role in process of community developments(6). Recent study which conduct in the united also states that household food insecurity analysis is used to method of adaptation of approach to prevent food insecurity among the community people(7). Agricultural growth also carry an important role in Food security that is increase in economic status of a country by more employments ,availability of food ,exporting of agricultural product thus can achieve economic growth and can improve the living status of community or improve in food insecurity. One of the main issues regarding the agriculture growth is due to the climatic change during the past days .The farmers are not able to achieve their goal for example to be include is banning of Indian Mango to European Union and other country, due to findings of fruit flies in most of the mango boxes .This effect most of rural people who were involved in a big loss in economic growth .This issue is due to the improper checking or supply of pesticide through the department of agriculture in to the hands of farmers(8). The Food insecurity in India is caused due to the lack of accessibility of resources to the rural people ,high product price mostly in buying medicine and nutritious products(vegetables, milk, egg ,etc.), high transportation cost and lack of road to reach all the place of rural India, inadequate supply of water to the required place, urbanization in major city without sufficient waste management and quality water supply ,Industrial facility and pollution to the atmosphere and water ,due to the result of pollution sudden climatic change which mostly effect the agricultural production, lack of Health centers in rural area ,Limited accessibility of quality of water in rural area, Health education during the pregnancy stage, lack of supply of medication which are free from government health service . As a solution of Insecurity of food the government have to create a community based approach to the requirement and supply of needs .They should concentrate on promoting the rural women about the basic education In case of breastfeeding and hygienic care required during the breastfeeding time and supplying required amount of vitamin ,iron tablets during their period of pregnancy .The government should have to promote the health worker and supply with their requirement .Adequate water supply to the rural place. The politician have to include rural health policy to maintain an adequate health to the rural community. One of the additional fundamental importance in economic growth is to increase in agricultural products thus meeting the global demand for food .According to the World Health Organization (10) repot the agricultural production can be expected to increase 60 percentage by the end of 2050.The social detriments of health due to the food insecurity have to be ended by improving or motivating the people toward agriculture and many other can find opportunity outside the circle of agriculture to small businesses into profitable. The government have to take an action to include policy which supports the local community and nature by this transformation can help the people below poverty to overcome (9). Implementing yearly surveys to rural people regarding the issues like supply and demand ,it also effect to improve the health condition of local community .Use of new technology like video conferencing with the rural community to educate regarding the basic things ,mobile health centers on a monthly basis to check the health condition of the people, irrigation projects and rain water storage project to improve the water quality thus it help to improve the ground water for drinking purpose, adequate supply of water filters and storage tanks .During recent news report the people of rural community especially children are suffering from lack of access to safe wate r and sanitation .This have to be ended by improving the quality of life style ,give them education ,give them necessary requirements and thus can improve or build a healthy community around India and from our achievement the other people around the world will follow our steps of success.

Essay --

Ø §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ § Ù‡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€ ¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€ ¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ · Ø ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€ž Ø ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل... ...Ø ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â €žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ © Essay -- Ø §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ § Ù‡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€ ¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€ ¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ · Ø ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€ž Ø ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل... ...Ø ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã˜ ­Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã˜ ± Ø ¯Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ± Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¯Ã™Ë†Ã™â€žÃ˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡ Ù†Ø ­Ã™Ë† Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ù Ã™Å  Ù‚Ø ·Ã˜ §Ã˜ ¹ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª ÙÆ'Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã™â€¦ ÙˆØ §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ­Ã˜ ©Ã˜Å' ÙˆØ ªÃ˜ £Ã˜ «Ã™Å Ã˜ ± Ø °Ã™â€žÃ™Æ' Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™Æ'Ø ªÃ˜ ¨Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' وهل ÙŠØ ªÃ™â€¦ Ø ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ ®Ã˜ µÃ˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ªÃ˜Å' ÙˆØ ·Ã˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¹Ã˜ © Ø ®Ã˜ ¯Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ ¹Ã™â €žÃ™Ë†Ã™â€¦Ã˜ §Ã˜ ª Ù Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ¦Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã˜ µÃ˜ ±Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø ­Ã˜ §Ã™â€žÃ™Å Ã˜ §Ã™â€¹ ومØ ¯Ã™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€šÃ˜ ¯Ã˜ ±Ã˜ © Ø ¹Ã™â€žÃ™â€° Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ªÃ˜ ¹Ã˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã™â€ž Ù…Ø ¹Ã™â€¡Ã˜ § ÙˆÙ Ã™â€š Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€¦Ã™ Ã˜ §Ã™â€¡Ã™Å Ã™â€¦ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€šÃ˜ ªÃ˜ µÃ˜ §Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ © Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¬Ã˜ ¯Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯Ã˜ ©

The Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

When committing a rape, murder, or treason does it occur to you that, if Caught, you could be, electrocuted, gassed, or lethally injected? I highly doubt it. So what is it that is running through your mind? Do you honestly think you can murder or rape some innocent person and get away with it? I don’t think so. I feel the death penalty is a great concept. My philosophy is, why should someone that murdered an innocent human being still be able to breathe, while his or her victim cannot? Life without parole is a good idea, but that person is still getting the chance to breathe, eat, sleep, smell, hear, and see while his or her victim cannot. Many people see capital punishment as cruel and wrong, but is not what that person did cruel and wrong? How are we as a society going to teach them that it is wrong? Life without parole is not the answer, capital punishment might be. Some of our jails today could be mistaken for a Holiday Inn. The convicted are treated entirely too well. Thi s is not what I want my taxes to be paying for. I would rather hear of their death then to know that they are, some nights, eating meals just as good as what I am having, you need to remember what these people did. I do not feel comfortable with the idea that some person that killed or raped or robbed some innocent person could be released out of jail for â€Å"good behavior†. As said in the Bible, â€Å"Whomever sheds a man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed† (Genesis 9:6). This has been taken to signify â€Å"Let the punishment, fit the crime.† The Risk of Executing the Innocent. I really do feel that this should be taken very serious. We need to be able to trust our government judicial system, to ensure that no one who was wrongfully accused is sentenced to the death penalty. And with the way our court systems work, I’m afraid were unable to trust them 100 %. Look at Oj for instance, he was guilty, and should have been executed, but he†™s walking the streets today sewing phone companies. But hey, there’s nothing we can do about the court system. The decisions they make is going to be the decision that is final. We need to eliminate all the appealing process. Fact, inmates are six times more likely to get off death row by appeals than by execution. Not to mention, the cost of court and lawyer fee’s. It’s just too much money to waste on a guy who could have rapped a little girl. The death p... ...s and only 38% were blacks. Cost of Life without Parole: $34,000/year for 50 years at 2% annual cost increase = $3.01 million. Cost of Death Penalty $60,000/year for 6 years at 2% annual cost increase = $1.88 million. There is no doubt that the initial cost of the death penalty is significantly higher than the life with out Parole (LWOP). Look at the numbers though, over time we’ll save $1.2 to $3.6 million if we just execute them. Mind you the $34,000/ year cost are an average. The maximum-security prisons run over $75,000/year. And where do we put the murderers? In the maximum-security prisons. So actually $75,000/year for 50 years at 2% increase is well, I can’t figure it out but I’ll bet it’s a lot of money. So what it boils down to is, we have these thousands of people on death row that have murdered and rapped people, and where paying on average $34,000/year to hold them. Why are we spending money on people that have done such horrible things. Do unto others, as you want them to do unto you. A person knows if they kill someone they are risking the death penalty, I figure if they take that risk they should take the penalty. I’m 110% for the death penalty. Word Count: 1400

Reviewing the Homepage of Prestons Website :: Prestons Websites Showrooms Essays

Reviewing the Homepage of Preston's Website In the following report I will be reviewing the homepage of Prestons website, www.Prestons.co.uk. Prestons is a showroom situated in Colne, who deals with cars such as BMW and MINI. I will be explaining the content, layout and purpose of this webpage, and any improvements which I think could enhance the current company image. Content The homepage of Prestons website consists of both images and text. The main images drawn to my attention are: a red eye to show RedMammoth who is/ are the producer (s) / designer (s) of this website. Alongside that, is a picture of one of the latest models of BMW, the BMW x5, which is silver. Due to the fact that Prestons also deals with the sales of MINI, there is a picture of a silver MINI. Prestons also deals with Hillendale Land Rover’s; this is shown on their homepage, which is illustrated with a picture of the latest model of Landrover’s which is the Range Rover Vogue. The last of the images on this webpage is a Platinum Privilege card, which represents group information. To show what each image is there is an arrow pointing to each image and besides each arrow in the font Arial, size 9.5; it says what each image is representing in grey text. Beneath each image, there is a contact number for each link which is being represented by each picture except for underneath group information. There is a symbol for a telephone next to each number. The number is in the font Arial size 12. The largest piece of text within this homepage is PrestonsGroup which is again written in Arial but size 16. The font Arial has been used all throughout this homepage. The slogan â€Å"EXCELLENCE IN EVERYTHING WE DO† is written beneath PrestonsGroup in uppercase lettering, size 12. Prestons address is shown in white size 11. The rest of the text within this page is also in white. Beneath the address written in size 12 is the email address of Prestons. There are four different columns for the different purposes of this homepage i.e. a column for BMW, a separate column for MINI etc. No particular colour scheme has been kept throughout this homepage except for the images of the cars which are all silver, and each of the four columns are coloured differently. The RedMammoth column is in red, the BMW column in light blue, the MINI column in grey, the Hillendale landrover column in green and the group information column in dark blue. In each column there is a brief note as to what each one links

Assessing the Level of Environmental Literacy of Teachers

Assessing the level of environmental literacy of teachers in Epe division of Lagos State, Nigeria Fatona P. Olugbenga School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: [email  protected] ca 08033835621, Akinyele C. Babasope School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: [email  protected] com 08037221905 & Musah K. Toyin School of Public Health Nursing Ogun State College Of Health Technology P. M. B 2081 Ilese – Ijebu Email: musahk. [email  protected] com 08033708027 Abstract The crucial role that teachers’ environmental literacy plays in realizing the goals of environmental education and its importance cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, this study sought to measure the environmental literacy of teachers who are saddled with responsibility of imparting environmental ideas and knowledge into the school-going population. The tudy employed a descriptive research design and administered questionnaires on four hundred (400) male and female teachers drawn from government controlled secondary schools that were randomly selected from the teachers’ corps in Epe division of Lagos Nigeria. However, three hundred and fifty-two (352) copies were retrieved and analyzed. A self-designed instrument that has a reliability coefficient of 0. 945 was used in gathering data which was analyzed by using analysis of variance (F-te sts and T-tests). Three (3) null hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study; two (2) were accepted while one (1) was rejected. The findings revealed a tendency regarding the impact of training of teachers on their environmental literacy among others. Consequently, the study suggested the need for pre-service as well as in-service environmental education training of teachers and that the existing curriculum at all levels of education should be reviewed to richly include environmental sustainability. Keywords:Environmental literacy, education, teachers Introduction The earth is primarily life supporting system. It consists essentially biochemical processes that imbue it with the capacity to sustain life. As an ecosystem, the earth however, has a threshold within which it can effectively absorb or withstand interruptions and radical changes in the biochemical processes that help to sustain life. Unfortunately, development-oriented activities of man over the last century or so have primarily restructured the environment and upset the delicate balance of nature. It has resulted in a number of changes on the planet, earth. These changes are essentially inimical to the continued existence of man and other life forms here on earth (United Nations, 1992). For example, the air we breathe is constantly being overloaded with carbon dioxide and other poisonous material from vehicular emission, exhausts of industrial and power plant etc. Land are stripped bare of vegetation or polluted with oil spills and human waste. The use of ozone- depleting substance such as products with chlorofluorocarbon, halons and methyl bromides (from which plastics and foams are made) allow excessive levels of harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth, resulting in increased rates of skin cancer, eye damage and weakened immune system. There is higher rate of exploitation and use of natural resources and higher levels of waste become a global issue (United Nations, 1992). According to the Council of Ministers of Education (2005) sustainable development is both a goal and a concept. As a goal, it is an idea of a world where people protect the environment as they carry out their daily activities. As a concept, it involves conceptual probing about limits on natural resources, capacities of ecosystem and interactions among social, economic, political and environmental systems. In other words, it works towards a sustainable quality of life, now and in the future. Thus, Noibi and Lawal (1993) sees it as a development strategy wherein the physical assets, natural and human resources as well as available funds are managed in a manner that ensures increasing health and wealth for both the present and future generations on planet earth. The essences of sustainable development is to meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation of man and other living creatures, both plants and animals, without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs and aspirations (NEST, 1991). The United Nations (1992), Uche (1995), UNESCO (1997) and Inyang-Abia (1998, 2001) all assert that education is humanity’s best hope and most effective means for the quest to achieve sustainable development at national or global levels. This may be due to the fact that sustainable development calls for the particular skills, knowledge, values and attitudes regarding the environment, the economy and the well-being of people. Perhaps, in response to the calls by UNESCO and United Nations, education for sustainability has become the norm in most countries of the world in recent years. In Nigeria, there have been some activities aimed at creating awareness and educating the masses on environmental issues. Initially the mass media, various Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and government agencies were used to create awareness of the nature of the environment and the need for its sustainability, as Uche (1995) observed. The birth of Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) in the 1980’s, the rising interest among policy makers on the need for a sound environmental base for development, launching of national conservation strategy (NCS) in 1986, the natural resources conservation council (NRCC) in 1988 and the ultimate launching of the national policy on the environment in 1989 were all critical steps in the national drive towards environmental awareness and resources conservation. In order to facilitate the education of the citizenry for sustainability, the Nigeria government has infused environmental sustainability topics into the 2003 version of the national curriculum for primary schools (NERDC, 2003). The topics infused include population, pollution, soil management, waste and waste disposal, drugs and drug abuse, etc. The idea is to start education for sustainability from the foundation. While arrangements are made to do the same in higher levels of education, teachers are encouraged to incorporate environmental sustainability issues in their instruction (NERDC, 2003). The potential of environmental literacy as a vehicle to realize the educational agenda of sustainable development cannot be over-emphasized. According to Disinger and Roth (1992) environmental literacy is a prerequisite to maintaining and improving the quality of the environment and life as such. The development and fostering of environmental literacy need, therefore, to be a key objective in any general education programme (Roth, 1992). Apparently, the term â€Å"environmental literacy† does not mean the same to everyone. Since the first general reference to the concept â€Å"environmental literacy† appeared in 1969 (Roth, 1992), various researchers have made an effort to define it or to refine description of it. Example can be found in, inter alia, Clacherty (1992), Roth (1992) and Subbarini (1998). A definition of environmental literacy was developed from the various efforts of researchers such as Leeming, Porter, Dwyer, Cobern and Oliver (1997), Loubser (1994), Smith-Sebasto and Smith (1997), Pohorille (1985) and Buethe and Smallwood (1987). This definition was used for the purposes of this research and it stated that: Environmental literacy is the ability to be aware of one’s environment. It enriches one with the knowledge to realize the imbalances and threats the environment faces and enables one to form positive attitudes towards it with the aim of developing skills to resolve and prevent environmental problems and urge to protect and improve the environment for the present and future generations by active participation. A study was also made of various models comprising concepts researchers regard as important to environmental education and environmental literacy. From these attempts by, inter alia, Munson (1994), Odum (1992), Roth (1992) and Loubser (1994), ten concepts that were regarded as necessary for teachers to have a grasp of, before being able to really do justice to environmental education were identified. The ten concepts are in line with the definitions, aims, objectives and guiding principles of environmental education and preceding definition of environmental literacy. Each of the ten concepts is a cluster of related sub concepts representing aspects of environmental literacy. These ten concepts were selected mainly from major environmental area such as ecology and interactions in the environment, participation in the identification and prevention of environmental problems, decision making on environmental issues and environmental ethics. The ten concepts are biosphere, ecological perspective, interrelationship in an ecosystem, environmental changes, basic human needs, resources, maintaining environmental quality, the ability to make choices, decision-making on environmental issues, as well as environmental ethics. In most of these concepts there is a close link between knowledge, affect, skills and behaviour. Environmental literacy, therefore, is considered to be continuum of competencies raging from zero competencies to a very high competency. There is a broad spectrum of environmental literacy, from complete unawareness to deep, thorough understanding and concern (Buethe and Smallwood, 1997). For the purposes of this research a few distinguishable, but not separable, disposition levels on this continuum were identified, namely awareness, knowledge, attitude and participation. Teachers- more than any other professional group- can probably promote environmental literacy, by virtue of their interaction with society (more specifically learners, parents and colleagues). Teachers at all levels and subject areas have a role to play in this regard, i. e. contribute to the development of citizens who possess the basic understanding and skills to make informed decisions in matters affecting the environment and whose personal lifestyles support sustainable development. Teachers can, however, hardly assist learners to become environmentally literate if they themselves lack environmental literacy. Despite the important role teachers’ play in educating students, research into teacher’s level of environmental literacy has been extremely limited. The few studies that were reported indicated a relatively low level of environmental literacy. An example is a study by Buethe and Smallwood (1997) which stated that the environmental literacy of Indiana teachers is far from optimal. In addition several researchers, for example, Schreuder (1995), Braus (1995) and Papadimitriou (1995), mentioned that most teachers are not trained to do justice to environmental education. It seems, therefore, imperative to be able to determine the state of affairs regarding the environmental literacy of the teacher corps. Hypotheses The following hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study: 1. There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition. 2. There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition. 3. There is no significant difference in the level of environmental literacy between teachers who receive training in environmental education and those who did not receive any training. Method Research design This is a descriptive survey research design of ex-post facto because the variables being studied had occurred and were not manipulated by the researchers. Instrumentation The questionnaire developed in this study consisted of two sections- section A which comprised items on background demographic information of respondents and section B which comprised 30 items dealing with the various aspects of environmental literacy assessed in this study. The items were developed according to a matrix with the ten central concepts representing environmental literacy on one axis and the disposition level of the respondent on the other axis. A 4-point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’ was used as a response-measuring scale. Sample The study sample was drawn from the entire population of teachers in public secondary schools in Epe division of Lagos State. It consisted of 400 teachers randomly selected from 40 secondary schools randomly selected from the 4 local governments that make up the division. Questionnaires were however, adequately completed by 352 teachers. These respondents were representative of gender, age, learning area taught and qualifications obtained. Procedure Three research assistants were employed to assist in administering the printed questionnaires on the teachers in their respective schools. In some cases the filled questionnaire were returned on the spot while in other cases the research assistants went back on a different day to collect the completed questionnaires. Data analyses The data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed by using analysis of variance (F tests and t tests). Results and discussion Hypothesis 1 ‘There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers with different academic qualification’. Table 1:Level of environmental literacy of teachers with different qualifications |Qualification N Means SD | |NCE 103 416. 31 35. 71 | |B Ed 64 418. 88 37. 62 | |B A 24 417. 50 51. 4 | |B Sc 12 446. 00 41. 59 | |Other 149 422. 58 40. 48 | F (4. 347) = 1. 70; p>0. 05 The respondents were divided into five categories based on highest academic qualification as indicated in table 1. In order to compare the mean scores of the five groups an analysis of variance (F test) was carried out. The results of the F test, which appear in table 1, revealed that the null hypothesis could not be rejected (p>0. 5). It can, therefore, be concluded that there is no significant difference between the average environmental literacy of teachers with different academic qualification. It appears that this result contradicts research results reported by Buethe and Smallwood (1997), if one assumes that almost all secondary school science teachers in the USA have a BSc degree. According to them, science teach ers had higher levels of environmental literacy than other teachers. Hypothesis 2 ‘There is no significant difference between the levels of environmental literacy of teachers if they are divided according to learning area in which they offer tuition’. In order to test this null hypothesis, the respondents were divided into eight categories. According to an analysis of variance (F test), the null hypothesis cannot be rejected when the means of the total score obtained for the questionnaire are compared [F (7. 344) = 1. 81; p>0. 05]. This result is in line with a finding from a study by Abraham and Chacko (1999), according to which teacher training college lecturers have average environmental literacy, irrespective of the subjects they teach. An analysis of the mean scores (F test) obtained for the four dl fields in the eight categories revealed, however, an interesting picture. The results for the Knowledge dl field are indicated in Table 2. Table 2:Knowledge dl field scores of teachers in different learning areas |Learning area N Mean SD | |Language, literacy and communication 133 98. 62 11. 1 | |Human and social science 47 100. 49 9. 60 | |Maths, maths’ literacy and maths’ science 66 99. 36 8. 69 | |Natural science 76 103. 66 10. 89 | |Arts and culture 12 100. 2 4. 40 | |Economic and management science 9 103. 33 16. 12 | |Life orientation 7 90. 43 5. 06 | |Technology 2 100. 00 2. 83 | F (7. 344) = 2. 74; p

Should tourism be developed further in Kenya?

Where is Kenya? Kenya is in east Africa, and is bordered by countries such as Tanzania Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia. The longitude of Kenya is 38 degrees and the latitude is 0 degrees. The capital city of Kenya is Nairobi and one of the most important towns is Mombassa. This country is bordered to the east by the Indian Ocean, and is on the equator. Why do tourists visit Kenya? Tourists visit Kenya for many reasons. The two most popular types of holidays are safari holidays and beach holidays. These are the two types of places were tourists go to enjoy their holidays and also the scenery and atmosphere. They also like to look at the way and find out about the traditional ways of life and how they are lived, by this countries people. When tourists go on safari holiday's majority of the tourists sit back, relax and enjoy the hot sunny weather and they vacation in the national parks and stay in the lodges. During this visit they travel in the minibuses to see the beautiful wildlife, which Kenya offers. This is where the famous world animals live, for example; giraffes, leopards, elephants, others include lions, rhinoceros, flamingos' and many others. They also take photographs of the wildlife to keep souvenirs, however tourists may also by souvenirs from the different masaii shops, in villages, in the national parks. Tourists may also do different activities, which the national parts in Kenya offer, like hot air balloon safari, mountain trekking and also investigating famous buildings. The other type of most exotic popular place tourists enjoy is the scenery; hot, clean, golden sandy beaches where the tourists enjoy sun bathing. As the weather is hot, the warm sea is also hot. The sea is used for water sports such as, jet skiing, snorkelling swimming in the sea, lake cruises, and glass bottomed boot rides, where the beautiful shells and tropical fishes can be seen and the coral reef. The place that they stay at includes restaurants and modern hotels. They enjoy themselves at bars, where they provide exotic foods. Sports and activities include playing golf, traditional dances high club, traditional crafts and others. This is where and why tourists visit these two popular exotic places. How developed is Kenya? Here I will explain and give detail of how developed Kenya actually is to begin with Kenya has a lower level of development than Japan. I am going to show this by comparing Kenya to Japan. There is a lot of evidence to show that Kenya is a LEDC country meaning it is a less economically developed country. To begin with I am going to write about the birth rate of Kenya is much higher birth rate of Japan. In a way of good thing, however it may also be a bad thing. The good thing is that many workers can help in the industry, where as, on the other hand the bad thing is that more children will be born and will want to be independent, which would coat a lot of money. The birth rate of Kenya is a vast amount of 38 per thousand and Japan has only 10 per thousand. This means that Kenya has a much higher life expectancy at 50 years, compared to Kenya, which has a life expectancy of 54 years. This basically means that majority of Kenyans' people die at a very young age and for this reason, the death rate of Kenya is an incredible 12 per thousand each year and because Japan has a longer life expectancy, it has only 7 per thousand, in their death rate. This could also mean that many people can die young in Kenya, due to not having a lot of access to safe water of sanitation. I know that this is true because only 49% of Kenyans' people have access to safe water, and Japan on the other hand has a shocking 95%. This can be one of the many reason why' the country Japan has a higher life expectancy as well as less amount of people dying compared to Kenya. Lack of money can also be a problem as the money that the people of Kenya ahs is very less, as they cannot afford to pay for there bills, or the government cannot provide it for them, and that is the reason they have to work for a longer of time, and Japan can provide their people with sufficient amenities, as Japan is a country with less people and is an MEDC country. One other good fact is that the male adult literacy of Kenya is only 86% and female is 70%, where as Japans both male and female adult literacy is a shocking 99%; this clearly can state that once again Japan can afford the money for their people and Kenya cannot. If Kenya could then the adults would have an education, which would enable them to get a better career and a job. It cannot provide all amenities like telephones and TV sets for all its people and Japan can. All the above clearly states that Japan can be dependent on its people and government, afford the money, and therefore is a much more richer MEDC country than Kenya, which places or puts in a LEDC country position. How does Kenya earn money? Kenya exports mainly primary goods which includes tea, coffee and horticulture also known as flour, which has a low value and imports mainly manufactured goods such as industrial machinery, motor vehicles, iron and steal, wheat, and many others which have a high value. This means that Kenya gets very little for its exports but has to pay a lot for its imports. This courses Kenya to have a trade difficult. In 1992 Kenyans trade difficult was ik 1000 million. Kenya has had to borrow money from other countries, which basically means that it is in depth. It also has to pay interest on the loan. All this means that Kenya does not have enough money to spend on hospitals, schools which also means providing education, transport such as trains, busses, and cars, and also tractors. Which would help to develop the country. How does Kenya benefit from tourism? Tourism to Kenya is very important, as it makes a lot of money for the country. Tourism has created many jobs opportunities in Kenya even though some may not be very well educated. Some jobs include people needed to work in hotels as chefs for the tourist's people to eat, waitresses, maids, security guards, cleaners etc that the employees get a good wage and a better standard of living. The more money they earn the more tourism going. People such as tourists pay money to stay in the hotels, which then the hotels need to provide things such as cleaning which then they would have to employ a maid/cleaner, and other activities. In the hotels there are jobs such as the receptionists who check all the tourists in and use the telephone apparently, the maid provides food and service for the tourists and the chef cooks the food. There are also many other jobs like shopkeepers, whom earn money by selling souvenirs. All these jobs provide a better standard of living, as they would earn better wages. By tourists coming it has provided and created jobs for employees. Tourism also provides indirect employment, e. g. : farmers can grow food for the hotels. Tour companies who run the safari holidays need people to work, as there is more people where tourists go for amusements therefore more jobs are created. Other jobs includes bus owners whom take the tourists to visit the spectacular scenery, people whom blow he hot air balloons, which is another attraction and amusements that the tourist like to visit and see, and many others also benefit. I. E. : the government also make money from tourism, as they tax every single person whom owns a job, and earns wages. They also tax the tourists when they come on the holiday when paying towards there flight fare/air port ticket. The tour operators make money from the profits that they charge when the tourist pay for the amusements which also includes hot air balloon safari and souvenir sellers. However tourism to Kenya is very important. This is shown as tourism has employed 40,000 to maintain a proper job. The amount of tourist in 1960 was only 150,000, which has in 1990 risen to 900,000, which is approximately 6 times greater, which also means that tourism has become a very important site. The money earned from tourism in 1960 in US$ was 51. 8 million which also has increased to 467 million, which is 9 times greater, which is equal to half of Kenyans exports. However there is also a very important reason to why Kenya does not make a very large profit. One main reason is that Kenya imports goods from many different MEDC countries such as air conditioning from Canada, or office machines from the USA, Carpets from the UK, etc, which is all provided for the hotels that the tourist stay at. This means that the money, which Kenya earns, leaks out by them paying for unnecessary imported goods payment to foreign owners and co-owners with Kenyans and travel arrangements. It is stated that foreigners earn an estimate of 70% of what the tourist pay for their beach holidays, and 40% of tourist's payments. This in other words means that if Kenya did not make large profits it would be more in depth. What effects has tourism had on different groups of people? Tourism has effected many different groups of people, however the two which has most been effected have been the Masaii people and the Muslim people. The masaii people, have been effected in many reasons, one of which is that they had to leave there home, which now has become an amusement park or national parks and have had t move to th edge of them, without receiving no compensation whatsoever, and that is also another reason why they have had a loss in there grazing land. Theses people have now become a game reserve, they are now not seen as human begins but have become a tourist attraction in life with no self-esteem and they face criticism, and have no rights. Their old homes before hey had to move have now become funfairs and lodges and they have lost all hat they once use to own. Sacred rituals once performed by the masaii people now become old-fashioned shows. Kenyans are becoming second class citizens in there own country, unable to go to the beach encase they spoil the scenery and other things. This is also another reason why the number of tourists increases. But also this can e a good thing as it provides these masaii people with jobs from the national parks. The other main group of people affected is the Muslim culture/ Muslim population of the coast. They now have to live in a different type of society. In Islamic religion women have to wear -long black garments covering there entire body except their eyes, as it is a sin to advertise themselves to men. However tourist find it so hot that when they walk thorough theses kind of people they feel different. The tourists wear such things like bikinis or even go topless, and this is a great disrespect to the Muslim inhabitants. This also influences the youngsters of Kenya to wear such things. They do not always respect traditional culture/clothing. Another point is that the souvenir trade is such damage that can occur to the cultural and religious side. This happens when tourists buy something sacred just because it looks good. Even a tourist to a religious building can cause grief due to inappropriate behaviour or unacceptable dress. Tourism has also lead to the opening of many bars and nightclubs in Muslim areas. This again is a disregard for there culture as alcohol is strictly prohibited. Another point Is that these tourist have also bought with them drugs, and other things like this to Kenya. These tourists lead to thousands of Kenyans turning to prostitution for money, which is another main disrespect to the Muslim society. What effect has tourism had on the environment? Tourism has also had an effect on the environment. The ecosystem in the Savannah grasslands involve hot air balloon safari which makes a lot of loud Noise, which then drives the animals to move out, as they produce such racket and sparks which frightens the animals away. The lodges produce lot of rubbish from the left over food, which the people working there, just throw out, and drop it on the outside places, that those animals that are hunting smell the smell, and come to eat such leftovers. This food can be poison and then can kill the poor animals, and for this reasons the animals can become scarce, as they would die out easily. The other reason is the minibuses, which tour the tourists. The tourists visiting the safari places go to see animals in their natural habitats and open environments. Tourists have a huge impact on the animals that they go to see. Tourists are driven around the parks in specially adapted minibuses with open tops so that they can view and photograph the animals. These minibuses want there tourists to be pleased and happy therefore take them to see the animals close and about forty minibuses go and do this each day, around one animal. Because of this the animals are disturbed and harassed and the flashes of the camera also scare away the animals. The drivers not thinking twice pass over the grassland, which gradually wears away, increasing soil erosion and become roads. This means that the vegetation needed for the animals is reduced as they have no fresh grass to eat, which then would make them hungry, and as we know hunger can kill. Also those minibuses tours use the roads in such a way that by them speeding, without them knowing they blow the dust in the air which means that the air would become polluted very quickly, and this could also cause damage to the animals and people of Kenya and also to the environment. Also Another main point is that the coral reef ecosystem is also damaged. This is done in several different ways. Firstly the tourist visit these places and tend to take and pick shells and rocks nd other things from the sea to take as souvenirs, and if each tourist did this then they would destroy the coral reef completely. They tend to stand in the coral reef and their weight and by them stepping on it, it can also cause wreck the coral reef. The tour guides try to impress the tourist by placing anchors in the coral reef, and because of this daily invasion the coral reef would gradually wear out and turn into rubble and ruins. Are there any better ways of developing tourism in Kenya? There are many different ways that would be better ways to develop tourism in Kenya. Firstly let me explain what sustainable development means. This means that it is a progress that can continue year after year and does not waste resources, it improves the quality of life of people and does not damage the quality of life, and that it does not harm the environment either now or in the future. There are many reasons, which would make mass tourism more sustainable For example you should allow people to continue living there traditional ways of life instead of threatening or disrupting there lives, therefore those tourists should respect and wear clothing which is suitable for the masaii people and Muslim culture so no harm is caused. . They should improve people's lives and benefit the local community e. g. schools and healthcare, instead of making large profits for foreign firms while the local people live on poverty. They could do this by giving some money to the community instead of keeping it all to themselves, they should protect the environment and not damage or destroy the natural environment by not placing so many vehicles in one place at one time, or driving on top of the grass. They should also allow local people to use their own skill and knowledge instead of relying on the skill and knowledge of feign expertise. There are different groups of people that could do different things to improve tourism in Kenya; example travel companies could chose destinations that are not overcrowded. They should choose tour operators who are supportive to ecosystem. This way the grasslands and the animals would not get disturbed as much, as they would have less amount of people bothering them. They could also make booklets to inform the tourists about the coral reef, and not to damage it, and to wear appropriate clothing, so that they know before hand, instead of knowing when they reach Kenya. This way at least the people would have a bit of respect for the Kenyan people. The government can have laws such as that those drivers whom pass over the grassland they should be fined or their license taken away from them. They should take license away for those whom are tour guides and allow the tourists to damage its coral reef. They should all agree to a contact which includes rules and regulations. The esonki conservation area is on the edge of the Ambseli national parks and during the rainy season much of ambselies wildlife passes through. By using such service tourists can stay in luxurious safari tents, with showers, flush toilets, and solar powered electric lights, it is all low impact and can be removable, which means that it does not cause any damage to the environment, tourist can enjoy real African experience with truly wild animals. It is all run by the masaii. There are twenty-six masaii trained as rangers. They work in camp, cooking and serving meals, on building roads. The masaii can rule themselves without being told what to do. They get a rent fee for the conservation area, an entrance fee from each tourist and a fee for every tourist for every night that they stay. The profits that they make have paid for a local school and healthcare, and also many other things for the community. Tourists could wear appropriate clothing, which would not effect nor offend the Muslim culture. In conclusion I believe that yes tourism should be developed further in Kenya, by using and making an ecosystem, that does not harm the environment, nor effect its people. I do not think that Kenya can achieve economic development without tourism, as it will earn less money jus from exporting tea and coffee. Tourists should respect peoples peace, privacy a and lands this would allow the Kenyans to live life as peacefully as they want, and does not destroy there traditional ways of life as it would be more crucial for them to live a better standard of living if they did not get tourists pushing them about, and telling them what to do. They should remember that they are a guest and behave accordingly, as this would make them aware that they do not have the right to do things that would effect the people around there lives. They should respect religious places and do not touch religious objects. This would also make them have that significance that it does not belong to them and they should not touch sacred souvenirs even though that would affect the souvenir shopkeepers. They should follow all rules and regulations regarding protected areas for wildlife, as this would make the animals more protected to the environment and live there life according to there habitats and do not have to be scared of living in there own areas. They should dress appropriately, as this would reduce the amount of prostitution and would also show respect o the people of Kenya. They should not touch, chase or harass animals or marine life, for the reason mentioned before. They should also leave plants and marine life to flourish in their natural environment as this would improve Kenya's scenery and would become better food for the animals. They should also not try to waste water as this would be a useful recourse and would not waste a lot of Kenya's money. Switch off lights and air conditioning if you go out which once again would be supporting the local economy. They should ask before taking photographs as this would be another respectful thing for Kenya and would not scare away the animals because of there flash. All the above-mentioned things are a code of conduct which tourist should keep in mind when visiting Kenya.